{"id":1464,"date":"2017-09-29T16:39:16","date_gmt":"2017-09-29T14:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beniuk.gr5.pl\/apologetyka2\/?p=1464"},"modified":"2017-09-29T16:39:16","modified_gmt":"2017-09-29T14:39:16","slug":"catholic-scientists-mathematicians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beniuk.gr5.pl\/apologetyka2\/catholic-scientists-mathematicians\/","title":{"rendered":"Catholic Scientists & Mathematicians"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leonardo Pisano Bigollo<\/b> (1170-1250) a.k.a. „Fibonacci”<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic mathematician who advocated the use of the numeral system that is still used today (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0) and famed for coming up with the „Fibbonacci Sequence.”<\/p>\n

\n

Robert Grosseteste<\/b> (c. 1175-1253)<\/span>
\nEnglish Catholic Bishop who developed mathematical physics, put forward the first known wave theory of light, and advocated the use of controlled experiments (which led to the modern scientific method).<\/p>\n

\n

Albertus Magnus<\/b> (1193\/1206-1280) a.k.a. „Albert the Great”<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic Bishop (and Dominican Friar) who, in addition to writing extensively on logic, psychology, zoology, mineralogy, metaphysics, meteorology, astronomy, geography, chemistry, and psychiology, was the first person to isolate a new element (arsenic) in thousands of years (he is also the patron saint of the Natural Sciences).<\/p>\n

\n

Theodoric Borgognoni<\/b> (1205-1298)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic Bishop (and Dominician Friar) who invented an anesthesia which was one of the most widely used anesthesia up until the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

\n

Roger Bacon<\/b> (1214-1294)<\/span>
\nEnglish Franciscan Friar often credited with inventing the scientific method.<\/p>\n

\n

Taddeo Alderotti<\/b> (1215-1295)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic physician who developed fractional distillation.<\/p>\n

\n

Ramon Llull<\/b> (c. 1232-1315), a.k.a. Ramond Lully<\/span>
\nSpanish Catholic (and Franciscan tertiary) who invented a device considered to be the first computer, earning him the title the „Father of Computer Science” (he was beautified by Pope Pius IX in 1857).<\/p>\n

\n

Theodoric of Freiberg<\/b> (c.1250\u2013c.1310)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic priest (and Dominican friar) who gave the first correct explanation of rainbows.<\/p>\n

\n

Thomas Bradwardine<\/b> (1290-1349)<\/span>
\nEnglish Catholic Archbishop, physicist, and mathematician who came up with the Law of Falling Bodies (hundreds of years before Galileo).<\/p>\n

\n

Jean Buridan<\/b> (c. 1300-1358)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic priest and scientist who developed an early theory of inertia and momentum.<\/p>\n

\n

Guy de Chauliac<\/b> (1300-1368)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physician who served as the Pope\u2019s physician and is one of the scientists considered to be the „Father of Modern Surgery.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Nicole Oresme<\/b> (1320-1382)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic Bishop who invented abstract graphing (pre-Cartesian but which seemed to inspire Descartes’ system), first use of fractional components, the first to write about the divergence of harmonic series, and the first to write about general curvature (and, relatedly, the first to discover the curvature of light through atmospheric refraction).<\/p>\n

\n

Filippo Brunellescchi<\/b> (1377-1446)<\/span>
\nFlorentine Catholic engineer, architect, and artist who discovered geometric optical linear perspective (and also designed the largest masonry dome in the world, still the biggest to this day).<\/p>\n

\n

Nicholas of Cusa<\/b> (1401\u20131464)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic Bishop (and Cardinal) who developed the concept of the infinitesimal in mathematics, advanced theories regarding relative motion, and conducted first formal modern experiment in the history of biology (it pertained to how plants received nourishment from air).<\/p>\n

\n

Leon Battista Alberti<\/b> (1404-1472)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest whose great talents earned him the titles „Father of Modern Architecture,” „Father of Modern Surveying,” and „Father of Western Cryptography.”<\/p>\n

\n

Johannes Muller von Konigsberg<\/b> (1436-1476)
\na.k.a. „Regiomantanus”<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic Bishop, astronomer, and mathematician considered by many as the „Father of Modern Astronomy” and was among the first to use symbolic algebra.<\/p>\n

\n

Leonardo da Vinci<\/b> (1452-1519)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic scientist who, in addition to writing extensively about anatomy, geology, astronomy, and botany (and many others), is the person credited with starting the Scientific Revolution.<\/p>\n

\n

Johannes Widmann<\/b> (1460-1498)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic mathematician who, among other things, came up with the plus sign (+) and minus sign (-) still used today.<\/p>\n

\n

Martin Waldseem\u00fcller<\/b> (c.1470-1520)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic cartographer, considered by some as the „Father of Modern Geography” (he was the one to coin the term „America” to describe the continent(s) of the western hemisphere).<\/p>\n

\n

Nicolaus Copernicus<\/b> (1473-1543)<\/span>
\nPolish Catholic cleric, famous for formulating a heliocentric model of the universe (and, contrary to popular belief, was NOT persecuted by the Church at all).<\/p>\n

\n

Vannoccio Biringuccio<\/b> (1480-1539)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic metallurgist considered the „Father of the Foundry Industry” and the first scientist to isolate the element Antimony.<\/p>\n

\n

Georgius Agricola<\/b> (1494-1555)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic scientist known as the „Father of Mineralogy.”<\/p>\n

\n

Niccol\u00f2 Fontana Tartaglia<\/b> (1499\/1500-1557)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic mathematician and engineer who came up with the formula to solve cubic equations and the first to apply mathematics to projectiles, earning him the title the „Father of Ballistics.”<\/p>\n

\n

Gerolamo Cardano<\/b> (1501-1576)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic mathematician, physician, and astronomer who was the first to make systematic use of numbers less than zero.<\/p>\n

\n

Andreas Vesalius<\/b> (1514-1564)<\/span>
\nFlemish Catholic physician, considered to be the founder of the modern study of human anatomy.<\/p>\n

\n

Realdo Colombo<\/b> (c. 1516-1559)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic anatomist who discovered the pulmonary circuit, which lead to the discovery of the circulation of blood.<\/p>\n

\n

Lodovico Ferrari<\/b> (c. 1522-1565)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic mathematician who came up with the formula to solve quartic equations.<\/p>\n

\n

Gabriele Falloppio<\/b> (1523-1562) a.k.a. „Fallopius”<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic cleric, anatomist, and physician, after whom the Falloppian Tube of the reproductive system is named (as well as the aquaeductus Falloppii).<\/p>\n

\n

Hieronymus Fabricius<\/b> (1537-1619)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic anatomist, considered the „Father of Embryology.”<\/p>\n

\n

Jos\u00e9 de Acosta<\/b> (1540-1600)<\/span>
\nSpanish Catholic priest (and Jesuit) who gave the first detailed description of the geography and culture of the New World and is also considered a pioneer of the Geophysical Sciences.<\/p>\n

\n

Fran\u00e7ois Vi\u00e8te<\/b> (1540-1603)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician, considered to be the „Father of Modern Algebra.”<\/p>\n

\n

Gaspare Tagliacozzi<\/b> (1545-1599)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic surgeon who pioneered plastic and reconstructive surgery (successfully performing skin autografts).<\/p>\n

\n

Fran\u00e7ois d’Aguilon<\/b> (1546-1617)<\/span>
\nBelgian Catholic priest (and Jesuit) who laid the foundation for Prospective Geometry (he was the first to use the term „stereographic”).<\/p>\n

\n

Anselmus de Boodt<\/b> (1550-1632)<\/span>
\nFlemish Catholic scientist who wrote the first definitive work on modern mineralogy.<\/p>\n

\n

Christoph Scheiner<\/b> (1573\/1575-1650)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic priest (and Jesuit), physicist, and astronomer who accomplished the first systematic study of sunspots.<\/p>\n

\n

Marin Mersenne<\/b> (1588-1648)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic theologian, considered the „Father of Acoustics.”<\/p>\n

\n

Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/b> (1596-1650)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician who invented the Cartesian coordinate system and analytical geometry.<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Battista Riccioli<\/b> (1598-1671)<\/span>
\nItalian Jesuit priest and astronomer who was the first to measure the acceleration due to gravity of falling bodies (and the one to devise the current modern scheme of lunar nomenclature).<\/p>\n

\n

Pierre de Fermat<\/b> (1601-1665)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician whose work led to infinitesimal calculus (famous for „Fermat’s Last theorem”).<\/p>\n

\n

Evangelista Torricelli<\/b> (1608-1647)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic physicist and mathematician who invented the barometer and after whom the Torr unit is named (which measures pressure).<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli<\/b> (1608-1676)<\/span>
\nCatholic Italian physicist and mathematician, considered founder of Biomechanics.<\/p>\n

\n

Francesco Maria Grimaldi<\/b> (1618-1663)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest (and Jesuit priest) who was the first to make accurate observation on the diffraction of light (and was the one to coin the term „diffraction”).<\/p>\n

\n

Jean Picard<\/b> (1620-1682)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic priest and astronomer who was the first person to measure the size of the earth to a reasonable degree of accuracy (and is one of the scientists considered to be the „Father of Modern Astronomy\u201d).<\/p>\n

\n

Blaise Pascal<\/b> (1623-1662)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician and physicist who laid the foundation for probability theory, invented an early calculator\/computer, and made important theories and experiments regarding pressure and vacuums (the unit \u201cpascal” is named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

Ferdinand Verbiest<\/b> (1623-1688)<\/span>
\nFlemish Catholic priest (and Jesuit) who built the first steam-powered vehicle.<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Domenico Cassini<\/b> (1625-1712)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician and astronomer who discovered the first four moons of Saturn.<\/p>\n

\n

Marcello Malpighi<\/b> (1628-1694)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic doctor who founded Comparative Physiology and is considered the „Father of Microscopic Anatomy” (and was a physician and personal friend of Pope Innocent XII).<\/p>\n

\n

Francesco Lana de Terzi<\/b> (1631-1687)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest (and Jesuit), considered the „Father of Aviation\/Aeronautics.”<\/p>\n

\n

Nicolas Steno<\/b> (1638-1686) a.k.a. Niels Stensen<\/span>
\nDanish Catholic Bishop, considered the Founder of Modern Geology and Stratigraphy (he was beautified by Pope John Paul II in 1988).<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri<\/b> (1667-1733)<\/span>
\nItalian Jesuit mathematician who was the first in the modern age to pioneer into non-Euclidean geometry.<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Domenico Santorini<\/b> (1681-1737)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic anatomist known as the „Father of Histology” (the study of the microscopic structures of tissue).<\/p>\n

\n

Giovanni Battista Morgagni<\/b> (1682-1771)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic anatomist, considered the „Father of Modern Anatomical Pathology.”<\/p>\n

\n

Ru\u0111er Josip Bo\u0161kovi\u0107<\/b> (1711-1787)
\na.k.a. Roger Joseph Boscovich<\/span>
\nItalian\/Slavic Catholic priest (and Jesuit) who developed modern atomic theory and the theory of relativity (200 years before Einstein, according to Tesla).<\/p>\n

\n

Andrew Gordon<\/b> (1712-1751)<\/span>
\nScottish Catholic (and Benedictine Monk) who invented the first electric motor.<\/p>\n

\n

Antonio de Ulloa<\/b> (1716-1795)<\/span>
\nSpanish Catholic scientist who was the first to discover and isolate the element Platinum.<\/p>\n

\n

Maria Gaetana Agnesi<\/b> (1718-1799)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic mathematician who wrote the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus (and the most important woman in mathematics for over a millenium, earning her great honor from the Pope).<\/p>\n

\n

Lazzaro Spallanzani<\/b> (1729-1799)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest who was the first to come with the theory of animal echolocation (and is one of the scientists considered to be the „Father of Modern Biology”).<\/p>\n

\n

Luigi Galvani<\/b> (1737-1798)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic physician, physicist, and biologist who pioneered the field of bioelecricity\/bioelectromagnetics (the terms „galvanism” and „galvanization” are named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb<\/b> (1736-1806)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physicist who came up with the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion (the SI unit of electric charge called the „coulomb” was named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

Antoine Lavoisier<\/b> (1743-1794)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic chemist, considered the „Father of Modern Chemistry,” coming up with the first table of elements (and invented the terms „oxygen” and „hydrogen”), theorized that mass always stays the same, and was one of the main people to come up with the metric system (and he defined the unit that was later termed the „kilogram,” which is what grams would be based off of).<\/p>\n

\n

Alessandro Volta<\/b> (1745-1827)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic physicist who invented the battery and after whom „voltage” is named (and accordingly the unit „volts”).<\/p>\n

\n

Giuseppe Piazzi<\/b> (1746-1826)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest, mathematician, and astronomer who discovered and named the dwarf planet Ceres (the largest asteroid in the solar system).<\/p>\n

\n

Pierre Andr\u00e9 Latreille<\/b> (1762-1833)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic priest and zoologist, considered the „Father of Modern Entomology” (the study of insects).<\/p>\n

\n

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin<\/b> (1763-1829)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic chemist who discovered the elements Beryllium and Chromium (and discovered the first amino acid, namely asparagine).<\/p>\n

\n

Jean-Baptiste Biot<\/b> (1774-1862)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who made important breakthroughs regarding the polarization of light, magnetism, and electricity (the \u201cbiot\u201d unit is named after him, which measures electric current).<\/p>\n

\n

Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re<\/b> (1775-1836)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physicist, founder of the science of Electromagnetism and after whom the unit „ampere” (i.e. „amps”) is named (he also discovered the element Fluorine).<\/p>\n

\n

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac<\/b> (1778-1850)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic chemist and physicist who discovered the element Boron (and came up with Gay-Lussac’s Law regarding the volumes of gases undergoing reaction at constant pressure and temperature).<\/p>\n

\n

Ren\u00e9 Laennec<\/b> (1781-1826)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physician who invented the stethoscope (in addition to advancing the understanding of many widespread diseases).<\/p>\n

\n

Bernard Bolzano<\/b> (1781-1848)<\/span>
\nBohemian Catholic priest and mathematician who gave the first purely analytical proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra.<\/p>\n

\n

Ren\u00e9 Just Ha\u00fcy<\/b> (1783-1822)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic Priest who is considered the „Father of Modern Crystallography.”<\/p>\n

\n

Michel Eug\u00e8ne Chevreul<\/b> (1786-1889)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic chemist who was a pioneer in gerontology (the study of aging).<\/p>\n

\n

Joseph Fraunhofer<\/b> (1787-1826) a.k.a. Ritter von Fraunhofer<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic optician who discovered Fraunhofer lines in the Sun’s spectrum, laying the foundation for spectrum analysis.<\/p>\n

\n

Augustin-Jean Fresnel<\/b> (1788-1827)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic engineer and physicist who significantly developed the study of wave optics (establishing „Fresnel Equations,” which describe the behavior of light moving between media of differing refractive indices).<\/p>\n

\n

Augustin-Louis Cauchy<\/b> (1789-1857)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic mathematician, after which more concepts and theorems are named than any other mathematician.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00c1nyos Jedlik<\/b> (1800-1895)<\/span>
\nHungarian Catholic priest, considered the father of the dynamo and electric motor.<\/p>\n

\n

Francesco de Vico<\/b> (1805-1848)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest (and Jesuit) and astronomer who discovered the six new comets, as well as the gaps between Saturn’s rings (a lunar crater and a major asteroid are named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

Theodor Schwann<\/b> (1810-1882)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic physiologist who founded the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms (he also coined the term „metabolism”).<\/p>\n

\n

Urbain Le Verrier<\/b> (1811-1877)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic astronomer and mathematician who was the person who discovered the planet Neptune.<\/p>\n

\n

Louis Ren\u00e9 Tulasne<\/b> (1815-1885)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic botanist who discovered pleomorphism in fungi (the ability to assume radically different forms) and earned the title the „reconstructor of mycology” (the study of fungus).<\/p>\n

\n

Ignaz Semmelweis<\/b> (1818-1865)<\/span>
\nHungarian Catholic physician whose work in antiseptic methods earned him the title the „Father of Infection Control” (also gaining the title the „Savior of Mothers” for the resulting lives saved from childbirth).<\/p>\n

\n

Pietro Angelo Secchi<\/b> (1818-1878)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest (and Jesuit), considered the „Founder of Astrophysics” for developing the first system of stellar classification (and was the first to scientifically assert that the sun is a star).<\/p>\n

\n

Hippolyte Fizeau<\/b> (1819-1896)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physicist who was the first to measure the speed of light on earth.<\/p>\n

\n

L\u00e9on Abel Provancher<\/b> (1820-1892)<\/span>
\nCanadian Catholic priest, considered the „Father of Natural History in Canada” for discovering and describing thousands of new species of insects and wrote the first French-language scientific journal in Canada’s history.<\/p>\n

\n

Eugenio Barsanti<\/b> (1821-1864)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest and engineer who invented the internal combustion engine.<\/p>\n

\n

Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz<\/b> (1822-1882)<\/span>
\nPolish Catholic scientist who discovered how to distill petroleum into kerosene and invented kerosene lamps, the first modern street lamps, and the first modern oil well and oil refinery, which started the Oil Revolution (he was honored by the Pope for his scientific accomplishments).<\/p>\n

\n

Gregor Mendel<\/b> (1822-1884)<\/span>
\nAustrian Catholic priest (and Augustinian monk) and scientist who founded the science of Genetics.<\/p>\n

\n

Louis Pasteur<\/b> (1822-1895)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic chemist, considered the „Father of Microbiology” and the founder of bacteriology (and invented „pasteurization,” which was named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

Jean-Baptiste Carnoy<\/b> (1836-1899)<\/span>
\nBelgian Catholic Priest who founded the science of cytology (the study of cells).<\/p>\n

\n

John Philip Holland<\/b> (1840-1914)<\/span>
\nIrish Catholic engineer who developed the first practical submarine (many submarines are named after him).<\/p>\n

\n

\u00c9douard Branly<\/b> (1844-1940)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic physicist who invented the first sensitive device for detecting radio waves.<\/p>\n

\n

Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen<\/b> (1845-1923)<\/span>
\nGerman Catholic physicist who discovered X-Rays (he won a Nobel Prize for this).<\/p>\n

\n

Giuseppe Mercalli<\/b> (1850-1914)<\/span>
\nItalian Catholic priest and volcanologist who developed a way to measure the magnitude of earthquakes (the Richter scale was based on this).<\/p>\n

\n

Henri Becquerel<\/b> (1852-1908)<\/span>
\nCatholic French physicist who discovered radioactivity (he won a Nobel Prize for this), resulting in his name becoming the unit for the measurement of radioactivity (the „becquerel” unit).<\/p>\n

\n

Jokichi Takamine<\/b> (1854-1922)<\/span>
\nJapanese Catholic chemist (and immigrant to the United States), considered the „Father of American Biotechnology.”<\/p>\n

\n

Frederick Odenbach<\/b> (1857-1933)<\/span>
\nAmerican Catholic priest (and Jesuit) whose study of earthquakes made seismology known as „The Jesuit Science.”<\/p>\n

\n

Roberto Landell de Moura<\/b> (1861-1928)<\/span>
\nBrazilian Roman Catholic priest and scientist who demonstrated the first wireless radio broadcast of a human voice.<\/p>\n

\n

Karl Landsteiner<\/b> (1868-1943)<\/span>
\nCatholic Austrian biologist who first categorized the main blood groups (Type A, B, AB, etc.).<\/p>\n

\n

Alexis Carrel<\/b> (1873-1944)<\/span>
\nFrench Catholic biologist who invented the perfusion pump, making organ transplants possible (he won a Nobel Prize for this).<\/p>\n

\n

George de Hevesy<\/b> (1885-1966)<\/span>
\nHungarian Catholic radiochemist who discovered the element Hafnium (he won a Nobel Prize for this).<\/p>\n

\n

Georges Lema\u00eetre<\/b> (1894-1966)<\/span>
\nBelgian Catholic priest, physicist, and astronomer who first proposed the theory of the Big Bang (which Einstein famously disagreed with until Lema\u00eetre scientifically defeated his objections).
\n

<\/p>\n
\n
(A much longer list of Catholic Scientists can be found here<\/a> on Wikipedia)
\n<\/b><\/span><\/h6>\n

List of Catholic churchmen-scientists<\/h1>\n
\n
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<\/div>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
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This is a list of Catholic<\/a> churchmen [1]<\/a><\/sup> throughout history who have made contributions to science. These churchmen-scientists include Nicolaus Copernicus<\/a>, Gregor Mendel<\/a>, Georges Lema\u00eetre<\/a>, Albertus Magnus<\/a>, Roger Bacon<\/a>, Pierre Gassendi<\/a>, Roger Joseph Boscovich<\/a>, Marin Mersenne<\/a>, Bernard Bolzano<\/a>, Francesco Maria Grimaldi<\/a>,Nicole Oresme<\/a>, Jean Buridan<\/a>, Robert Grosseteste<\/a>, Christopher Clavius<\/a>, Nicolas Steno<\/a>, Athanasius Kircher<\/a>, Giovanni Battista Riccioli<\/a>, William of Ockham<\/a>, and others listed below. The Catholic Church has also produced many lay scientists and mathematicians<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Jesuits<\/a> in particular have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science. For example, the Jesuits have dedicated significant study to earthquakes, and seismology<\/a> has been described as „the Jesuit science.”[2]<\/a><\/sup>[3]<\/a><\/sup> The Jesuits have been described as „the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century.”[4]<\/a><\/sup> According to Jonathan Wright<\/a> in his book God’s Soldiers<\/i>, by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had „contributed to the development of pendulum clocks, pantographs, barometers, reflecting telescopes and microscopes, to scientific fields as various as magnetism, optics and electricity. They observed, in some cases before anyone else, the colored bands on Jupiter<\/a>\u2019s surface, the Andromeda nebula and Saturn\u2019s rings. They theorized about the circulation of the blood (independently of Harvey), the theoretical possibility of flight, the way the moon effected the tides, and the wave-like nature of light.”[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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